Shape and Size of the Earth

1 The Graeco-Roman World.- 1.1 Homer and Hesiod.- 1.2 The Ionic School.- 1.3 Pythagoras and the Pythagorean School succeeding Schools, the Atomists, Plato.- 1.4 Aristotle.- 1.5 Pytheas' travel and the early Greek geography.- 1.6 Eratosthenes' measurement of the Earth.- 1.7 The Graeco-Roman Civilization and the Decline of Science.- 1.7.1 Strabo of Amasia (Pontus).- 1.7.2 Ptolemy's Geography.- 1.7.3 Pomponius Mela and the Roman's Cosmography.- 2 The Roman world from the end of the republic to the end of the empire.- 2.1 The Caesar's Age.- 2.2 From the August's age to Diocletian's age.- 2.3 The Late Antiquity - The Decline of the Roman Empire.- 2.3.1 Lactance.- 2.3.2 St. Ambrose.- 2.3.3 St. Augustine.- 2.3.4The last Latin Encyclopedists of the Roman Empire.- 3 The Middle Ages.- 3.1 Boethius - The end of the Latin world and the beginning of the Middle Ages.- 3.2 The Christians Encyclopedists of the Early Middle Ages.- 3.2.1 Isidore of Seville.- 3.2.2 Bede the Venerable.- 3.3 The early Scholastics.- 3.4 The problem of the overcelestial waters in the Scholastics of the XII century.- 3.4.1 Abelard.- 3.4.2 The School of Chartres.- 3.4.3 Alexander of Neckam.- 3.5 On the shoulders of giants - the XIII century and the Aristotelian cosmos.- 3.5.1 Iohannes of Sacrobosco (or in English, John of Holywood).- 3.5.2 Robert Grosseteste.- 3.5.3 Bartholomew the Englishman (Bartholomaeus Anglicus).- 3.5.4 Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon.- 3.5.5 Dante and the Questio de Aqua et Terra.- 3.6 The XIV century and the new interpretations of the Aristotles's theory of the natural world.- 3.6.1 Jean Buridan.- 4 From the age of the great transoceanic discoveries to the new measurements of the Earth .90.- 4.5 The translation of Ptolemy's Geography and the books that Columbus annotated.- 4.2 Jean Fernel and the new measure of the degree of the terrestrial meridian.- 4.3 Nicholas Copernicus and Christoph Clavius.- 4.4 Willebrord Snell and the first triangulation.- 4.5 Jean Picard and the beginning of the French triangulations.- 5 The Figure and the size of the Earth in the XVIII Century.- 5.1 The Observations of Richer at Cayenne and their consequences.- 5.2 Newton's and Huygens' theories of the Earth' shape.- 5.3 The Peru and Lapland Expeditions.- 5.4 Clairaut's Figure de la Terre.- 5.5 The Metre.- 6 From the French Revolution to the artificial Satellites - Epilogue.- The concept of Geoid.- The mathematical Model.- The satellitar Geodesy

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• Filosofia da Ciência
• Geofísica
• História da Ciência
• Matemática aplicada
• História da Matemática

Figure of the Earth in the XVIII Century;The great transoceanic discoveries;Measurement of the Earth;Early Greek geography;Eratosthenes and the Earth's circumferences;Crates' globe in the Middle Ages;Ptolemy's geography;Triangulations;Problem of the Earth's shape;The geoid