Ground Engineering - Principles and Practices for Underground Coal Mining
Ground Engineering - Principles and Practices for Underground Coal Mining
Galvin, J.M.
Springer International Publishing AG
03/2018
684
Mole
Inglês
9783319797199
15 a 20 dias
1802
1. SCOPE OF GROUND ENGINEERING
1.1. What is Ground Engineering
1.2. Peculiarities of Ground Engineering
1.3. State of the Art
1.4. Risk Management
1.5. The Impact of Risk Management and Technology
2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FOR GROUND ENGINEERING
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Characteristics of Underground Coal Mining
2.2.1. Geological Setting
2.2.2. Mine Access
2.2.3. Mine Roadways
2.2.4. Mining Methods
2.3. Rock Mass Fabric
2.4. Physical Parameters
2.5. Material Properties
2.5.1. Load-Displacement
2.5.2. Stress-Strain
2.5.3. Stiffness
2.5.4. Strength
2.5.5. Stored Energy and Seismicity
2.5.6. Poisson's Effect
2.5.7. Cohesion and Friction on a Fracture Surface
2.5.8. Post-peak Strength Behaviour
2.6. Rock Mechanics
2.6.1. Specifying Stresses within Rock
2.6.2. Strength of Rock
2.6.3. Equivalent Modulus of Strata
2.6.4. Failure Criteria
2.6.5. Effective Stress
2.6.6. Primitive, Induced, Resultant and Field Stress
2.6.7. Field Stress in Coal
2.6.8. Field Shear Strength
2.6.9. Reduction in Confinement
2.6.10. Rock Mass Classification Systems
2.6.11. Failure Mode
2.6.12. Ground Response Curve
2.7. Analysis Techniques
2.7.1. Empirical Methods
2.7.2. Analytical Meth
ods
2.7.
3. Numerical Methods
2.7.4. Safety Factor
2.7.5. Statistical and Probabilistic Analysis
2.8. Statics
2.8.1. Introduction
2.8.2. Basic Definitions and Principles
2.8.3. Transversely Loaded Beams
2.8.4. Axially Loaded Columns
2.8.5. Eccentrically Loaded Columns
2.8.6. Beam-Columns Subjected to Simultaneous Axial and Transverse Loading
2.8.7. Thin Plate Subjected to Axial and Transverse Load
2.8.8. Linear Arch Theory
2.8.9. Classical Beam Theory Applications in Ground Engineering
3. EXCAVATION MECHANICS
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Excavation Response
3.3. Caving Mechanics
3.3.1. Basic Principles
3.3.2. Strong Massive Strata
3.3.3. Span Design
3.4. Elevated Horizontal Stress
3.5. Shallow Mining
3.5.1. Principles
3.5.2. Practice
4. PILLAR SYSTEMS
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Functional, Risk Based Approach To Pillar Design
4.3. Pillar Working Stress
4.3.1. Pillar System Stiffness
4.3.2. Regular Bord and Pillar Layouts
4.3.3. Irregular Bord and Pillar Layouts
4.4. Pillar System Strength
4.4.1. Defining Pillar Strength and Failure
4.4.2. Geological Factors
4.4.3. Geometri
c Facto
rs
4.4.4.
Scale F
actors
4.4.5.
Determi
ning
Pillar
Streng
th
4
.5. Quantifying Desig
n Risk
4.5.1.
Probabi
listic
Stability
Prediction
4.5.2. Probabilistic Design
4.5.3. Summary Points
4.6. Pillar Failure Modes
4.6.1. Types
4.6.2. Conventional Failure Mode
4.6.3. Dynamic Confined Core Failure
4.7. The Complexity of Pillar Behaviour
4.8. Pillar Design Considerations
4.8.1. Empirical Data Regime
4.8.2. Stiff Superincumbent Strata
4.8.3. Behaviour
4.8.4. Seam Specific Strength
4.8.5. Ground Response Curve
4.8.6. Correlations Between Safety Factor and Performance Probability
4.8.7. UNSW Pillar Design Methodology
4.8.8. Diamond Shaped Pillars
4.8.9. Irregular Pillar Shapes
4.8.10. Highwall Mining
5. INTERACTION BETWEEN WORKINGS
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Workings in the Same Seam
5.2.1. Framework
5.2.2. Pillar Systems
5.2.3. Roadways
5.2.4. Panels
5.2.5. Interaction Between Roadways and Excavations
5.3. Multiseam Workings
5.3.1. Framework
5.3.2. Pillar Systems
5.3.3. Extraction Panels
6. SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS
6.1. Introduction
6.2.
Primary Chara
cteristics
6.3. Stand
ing Support
6.3.1. Pr
ops
6.3
.2. Timber Cho
cks
6.3.3. Cement
itious Chocks
6.3.4. Steel Arches and Sets
6.3.
5. Pillars
6.4. Tend
on Support and
Reinforcement
6.4.1.
Scope
6.4.2. Functio
ns of Tendons
6.
4.3. Anchorage of Tendons <6.4.4. Practical Considerations
6.5. Surface Restraint Systems
6.5.1. Scope
6.5.2. Cross Supports
6.5.3. Screens
6.5.4. Membranes and Liners
6.6. Spiling
6.7. Strata Binders
6.8. Void Fillers
7. GROUND SUPPORT DESIGN
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Roof Control
7.2.1. Failure Modes
7.2.2. Generic Design Approaches
7.3. Theoretical Roof Support Design Aspects
7.3.1. Classical Beam Theory
7.3.2. Contribution of Long Central Tendons
7.3.3. UCS - E Correlations
7.3.4. Rock Mass Classification Systems
7.3.5. Reinforcement Density Indices
7.3.6. Numerical Modelling
7.4. Summary Conclusions
7.5. Operational Roof Support Design Aspects
7.5.1. Roadway Span
7.5.2. Timing of Installation
7.5.3. Role and Timing of Centre Tendons
7.5.4. Effectiveness of Pretension
7.5.5. Stress Relief
7.5.6. Coal Roof
7.5.7. Floor
7.5.8. Monitoring at Height
7.5.
9. Mining Through Cro
ss Measures
7.6. Rib Control
7.6.1.
Introduction
7.6.2. Risk Profile
7.6.3. Rib Comp
osition
7.6.4.
Rib Behaviour
7.6.5. Design Consid
erations
7.6.6. Suppor
t Hardware Considerations
7.6.7. Op
erational Considerati
ons
7.6.8. Sum
mary Conclusions
8. PILL
AR EXTRACTION
8.1. Introduction
8
.2. Attributes of Pillar Extraction
8.3. Basic Pillar Extraction Techniques
8.3.1. Design and Support Terminology
8.3.2. Total Extraction Methods
8.3.3. Partial Extraction Methods
8.4. Ground Control Considerations
8.4.1. Introduction
8.4.2. Regional Stability
8.4.3. Panel Stability
8.4.4. Workplace Stability
8.5. Operating Discipline
9. LONGWALL MINING
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Panel Layout
9.2.1. Basic Longwall Mining Methods
9.2.2. Gateroad Direction and Layout
9.2.3. Chain Pillar Life Cycle
9.2.4. Chain Pillar Design
9.2.5. Chain Pillar/Gateroad Behaviour
9.3. Longwall Powered Supports
9.3.1. Development
9.3.2. Basic Functions
9.3.3. Static and Kinematic Characteristics
9.4. Operational Variables
9.4.1. Cutting Technique and Support Configuration
9.4.2. Powered Support System Maintenanc
e
9.4.3. Face Operati
ng Practices
9.5. Longwall Face Str
ata Control
9.
5.1. Introduction
9.5
.2. Coal Face
9
.5.3. Floor
9.5.4. Im
medi
ate and Upper Roof Strata
9.6. Installation Roadways
9.7. Pre-driven R
oadways Within A Longwall Block
9.7.1. Generic Types and Mining Practices
9.7.2. Pre-Driven Longwall R
ecovery Roadways
9.8.
Longwall Face Recove
ry
9.9. Other Longwal
l Variants
9.9.1.
Longwall Top Coal Caving
9.9.
2. Miniwall
10. OVERBURDEN SUBSIDENCE
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Generic Behaviours
10.3. Sub-Surface Subsidence
10.3.1. Fundamentals
10.3.2. Subsurface Effects
10.3.3. Impacts
10.4. Surface Subsidence
10.4.1. Introduction
10.4.2. Sinkhole and Plug Subsidence
10.4.3. Classical Subsidence Behaviour
10.4.4. Site-Centric Subsidence
10.4.5. Prediction of Classical Surface Subsidence
10.4.6. Prediction of Site-centric Subsidence
10.4.7. Surface Subsidence Impacts
10.4.8. Mitigation and Remediation
11. OPERATIONAL HAZARDS
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Windblast
11.2.1. Introduction
11.2.2. Behaviour Features
11.2.3. Risk Management of Windblasts
11.3. Feather Edging
11.4. Top Coaling an
d Bottom Coaling
11.5. Dippi
ng Workings
11.6. Inrush
11.6.1. Def
inition
11.6.2. Criti
cal Factors and Considerations
11.7. Flooded Workings
11.8. Bumps and Pressure Bur
sts
11.8.1
. Definitio
ns
11.8.2. Pressure Burst Failure Mechanisms
11.8.3. Sei
smic Events Associated with Rock Failure
11.8.4. Seismic Events Associated with Discontinuities
11.8.5. Risk Management of Pressure
Bursts
11.9. Gas Outbursts
11.9.1. Definition
11.9.2. Behaviour Features
11.9.3. Risk Management
of Outbursts
11.10. Mining Through Faults a
nd Dykes
11.11. Frictional Ignition Involving Rock
11.12. Backfilling of Bord and Pillar Workings
11.13. Roof Falls
11.13.1. Effect on Pillar Strength
11.13.2. Roof Fall Recovery
11.14. Experimental Panels
11.15. Alternative Rock Bolt Applications
11.16. Convergence Zones and Paleochannels
12. MANAGING RISK IN GROUND ENGINEERING
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Ground Control Management Plan
12.2.1. Basis for a Ground Control Management Plan
12.2.2. Structure of a Ground Control Management Plan
12.2.3. Competencies
12.3. Risk Analysis Foundations
12.4. Types of Risk Assessment
12.5. Risk Assessment Process
12.5.1. Context
12.5.2. Team Comp
osition <12.5.3. Controls
12.5.4. O
ther Process Co
nsiderations
12.6. Implementation
12.6.1. Hazard Plans
1
2.6.2. Trigger Action Response Plan
s
12.6.3. Review
<12.6.4. Change Management
12.6.5. O
ther Implementation Considerations
12.6.6. Determining Acceptable Levels of Risk
12.6.7. Reviewing
A Risk Assessment
12.7. Moni
toring
12.7.1. Purpose
12.7.2. Monitoring Strategy
12.7.3. Sens
ory Monitoring
12.7.4. Monitoring w
ith Instrumentation
12.7.5. Displac
ement Monitoring Instrumenta
tion
12.7.6. Stress Monitori
ng Instrumentation
12.7.7. O
ther Instrumentation
12.7.8. Field Monitoring Prac
tices
12.8. Concluding Remarks
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS IN METRIC SYSTEM
Appendices
1. SCOPE OF GROUND ENGINEERING
1.1. What is Ground Engineering
1.2. Peculiarities of Ground Engineering
1.3. State of the Art
1.4. Risk Management
1.5. The Impact of Risk Management and Technology
2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FOR GROUND ENGINEERING
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Characteristics of Underground Coal Mining
2.2.1. Geological Setting
2.2.2. Mine Access
2.2.3. Mine Roadways
2.2.4. Mining Methods
2.3. Rock Mass Fabric
2.4. Physical Parameters
2.5. Material Properties
2.5.1. Load-Displacement
2.5.2. Stress-Strain
2.5.3. Stiffness
2.5.4. Strength
2.5.5. Stored Energy and Seismicity
2.5.6. Poisson's Effect
2.5.7. Cohesion and Friction on a Fracture Surface
2.5.8. Post-peak Strength Behaviour
2.6. Rock Mechanics
2.6.1. Specifying Stresses within Rock
2.6.2. Strength of Rock
2.6.3. Equivalent Modulus of Strata
2.6.4. Failure Criteria
2.6.5. Effective Stress
2.6.6. Primitive, Induced, Resultant and Field Stress
2.6.7. Field Stress in Coal
2.6.8. Field Shear Strength
2.6.9. Reduction in Confinement
2.6.10. Rock Mass Classification Systems
2.6.11. Failure Mode
2.6.12. Ground Response Curve
2.7. Analysis Techniques
2.7.1. Empirical Methods
2.7.2. Analytical Meth
ods
2.7.
3. Numerical Methods
2.7.4. Safety Factor
2.7.5. Statistical and Probabilistic Analysis
2.8. Statics
2.8.1. Introduction
2.8.2. Basic Definitions and Principles
2.8.3. Transversely Loaded Beams
2.8.4. Axially Loaded Columns
2.8.5. Eccentrically Loaded Columns
2.8.6. Beam-Columns Subjected to Simultaneous Axial and Transverse Loading
2.8.7. Thin Plate Subjected to Axial and Transverse Load
2.8.8. Linear Arch Theory
2.8.9. Classical Beam Theory Applications in Ground Engineering
3. EXCAVATION MECHANICS
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Excavation Response
3.3. Caving Mechanics
3.3.1. Basic Principles
3.3.2. Strong Massive Strata
3.3.3. Span Design
3.4. Elevated Horizontal Stress
3.5. Shallow Mining
3.5.1. Principles
3.5.2. Practice
4. PILLAR SYSTEMS
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Functional, Risk Based Approach To Pillar Design
4.3. Pillar Working Stress
4.3.1. Pillar System Stiffness
4.3.2. Regular Bord and Pillar Layouts
4.3.3. Irregular Bord and Pillar Layouts
4.4. Pillar System Strength
4.4.1. Defining Pillar Strength and Failure
4.4.2. Geological Factors
4.4.3. Geometri
c Facto
rs
4.4.4.
Scale F
actors
4.4.5.
Determi
ning
Pillar
Streng
th
4
.5. Quantifying Desig
n Risk
4.5.1.
Probabi
listic
Stability
Prediction
4.5.2. Probabilistic Design
4.5.3. Summary Points
4.6. Pillar Failure Modes
4.6.1. Types
4.6.2. Conventional Failure Mode
4.6.3. Dynamic Confined Core Failure
4.7. The Complexity of Pillar Behaviour
4.8. Pillar Design Considerations
4.8.1. Empirical Data Regime
4.8.2. Stiff Superincumbent Strata
4.8.3. Behaviour
4.8.4. Seam Specific Strength
4.8.5. Ground Response Curve
4.8.6. Correlations Between Safety Factor and Performance Probability
4.8.7. UNSW Pillar Design Methodology
4.8.8. Diamond Shaped Pillars
4.8.9. Irregular Pillar Shapes
4.8.10. Highwall Mining
5. INTERACTION BETWEEN WORKINGS
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Workings in the Same Seam
5.2.1. Framework
5.2.2. Pillar Systems
5.2.3. Roadways
5.2.4. Panels
5.2.5. Interaction Between Roadways and Excavations
5.3. Multiseam Workings
5.3.1. Framework
5.3.2. Pillar Systems
5.3.3. Extraction Panels
6. SUPPORT AND REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS
6.1. Introduction
6.2.
Primary Chara
cteristics
6.3. Stand
ing Support
6.3.1. Pr
ops
6.3
.2. Timber Cho
cks
6.3.3. Cement
itious Chocks
6.3.4. Steel Arches and Sets
6.3.
5. Pillars
6.4. Tend
on Support and
Reinforcement
6.4.1.
Scope
6.4.2. Functio
ns of Tendons
6.
4.3. Anchorage of Tendons <6.4.4. Practical Considerations
6.5. Surface Restraint Systems
6.5.1. Scope
6.5.2. Cross Supports
6.5.3. Screens
6.5.4. Membranes and Liners
6.6. Spiling
6.7. Strata Binders
6.8. Void Fillers
7. GROUND SUPPORT DESIGN
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Roof Control
7.2.1. Failure Modes
7.2.2. Generic Design Approaches
7.3. Theoretical Roof Support Design Aspects
7.3.1. Classical Beam Theory
7.3.2. Contribution of Long Central Tendons
7.3.3. UCS - E Correlations
7.3.4. Rock Mass Classification Systems
7.3.5. Reinforcement Density Indices
7.3.6. Numerical Modelling
7.4. Summary Conclusions
7.5. Operational Roof Support Design Aspects
7.5.1. Roadway Span
7.5.2. Timing of Installation
7.5.3. Role and Timing of Centre Tendons
7.5.4. Effectiveness of Pretension
7.5.5. Stress Relief
7.5.6. Coal Roof
7.5.7. Floor
7.5.8. Monitoring at Height
7.5.
9. Mining Through Cro
ss Measures
7.6. Rib Control
7.6.1.
Introduction
7.6.2. Risk Profile
7.6.3. Rib Comp
osition
7.6.4.
Rib Behaviour
7.6.5. Design Consid
erations
7.6.6. Suppor
t Hardware Considerations
7.6.7. Op
erational Considerati
ons
7.6.8. Sum
mary Conclusions
8. PILL
AR EXTRACTION
8.1. Introduction
8
.2. Attributes of Pillar Extraction
8.3. Basic Pillar Extraction Techniques
8.3.1. Design and Support Terminology
8.3.2. Total Extraction Methods
8.3.3. Partial Extraction Methods
8.4. Ground Control Considerations
8.4.1. Introduction
8.4.2. Regional Stability
8.4.3. Panel Stability
8.4.4. Workplace Stability
8.5. Operating Discipline
9. LONGWALL MINING
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Panel Layout
9.2.1. Basic Longwall Mining Methods
9.2.2. Gateroad Direction and Layout
9.2.3. Chain Pillar Life Cycle
9.2.4. Chain Pillar Design
9.2.5. Chain Pillar/Gateroad Behaviour
9.3. Longwall Powered Supports
9.3.1. Development
9.3.2. Basic Functions
9.3.3. Static and Kinematic Characteristics
9.4. Operational Variables
9.4.1. Cutting Technique and Support Configuration
9.4.2. Powered Support System Maintenanc
e
9.4.3. Face Operati
ng Practices
9.5. Longwall Face Str
ata Control
9.
5.1. Introduction
9.5
.2. Coal Face
9
.5.3. Floor
9.5.4. Im
medi
ate and Upper Roof Strata
9.6. Installation Roadways
9.7. Pre-driven R
oadways Within A Longwall Block
9.7.1. Generic Types and Mining Practices
9.7.2. Pre-Driven Longwall R
ecovery Roadways
9.8.
Longwall Face Recove
ry
9.9. Other Longwal
l Variants
9.9.1.
Longwall Top Coal Caving
9.9.
2. Miniwall
10. OVERBURDEN SUBSIDENCE
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Generic Behaviours
10.3. Sub-Surface Subsidence
10.3.1. Fundamentals
10.3.2. Subsurface Effects
10.3.3. Impacts
10.4. Surface Subsidence
10.4.1. Introduction
10.4.2. Sinkhole and Plug Subsidence
10.4.3. Classical Subsidence Behaviour
10.4.4. Site-Centric Subsidence
10.4.5. Prediction of Classical Surface Subsidence
10.4.6. Prediction of Site-centric Subsidence
10.4.7. Surface Subsidence Impacts
10.4.8. Mitigation and Remediation
11. OPERATIONAL HAZARDS
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Windblast
11.2.1. Introduction
11.2.2. Behaviour Features
11.2.3. Risk Management of Windblasts
11.3. Feather Edging
11.4. Top Coaling an
d Bottom Coaling
11.5. Dippi
ng Workings
11.6. Inrush
11.6.1. Def
inition
11.6.2. Criti
cal Factors and Considerations
11.7. Flooded Workings
11.8. Bumps and Pressure Bur
sts
11.8.1
. Definitio
ns
11.8.2. Pressure Burst Failure Mechanisms
11.8.3. Sei
smic Events Associated with Rock Failure
11.8.4. Seismic Events Associated with Discontinuities
11.8.5. Risk Management of Pressure
Bursts
11.9. Gas Outbursts
11.9.1. Definition
11.9.2. Behaviour Features
11.9.3. Risk Management
of Outbursts
11.10. Mining Through Faults a
nd Dykes
11.11. Frictional Ignition Involving Rock
11.12. Backfilling of Bord and Pillar Workings
11.13. Roof Falls
11.13.1. Effect on Pillar Strength
11.13.2. Roof Fall Recovery
11.14. Experimental Panels
11.15. Alternative Rock Bolt Applications
11.16. Convergence Zones and Paleochannels
12. MANAGING RISK IN GROUND ENGINEERING
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Ground Control Management Plan
12.2.1. Basis for a Ground Control Management Plan
12.2.2. Structure of a Ground Control Management Plan
12.2.3. Competencies
12.3. Risk Analysis Foundations
12.4. Types of Risk Assessment
12.5. Risk Assessment Process
12.5.1. Context
12.5.2. Team Comp
osition <12.5.3. Controls
12.5.4. O
ther Process Co
nsiderations
12.6. Implementation
12.6.1. Hazard Plans
1
2.6.2. Trigger Action Response Plan
s
12.6.3. Review
<12.6.4. Change Management
12.6.5. O
ther Implementation Considerations
12.6.6. Determining Acceptable Levels of Risk
12.6.7. Reviewing
A Risk Assessment
12.7. Moni
toring
12.7.1. Purpose
12.7.2. Monitoring Strategy
12.7.3. Sens
ory Monitoring
12.7.4. Monitoring w
ith Instrumentation
12.7.5. Displac
ement Monitoring Instrumenta
tion
12.7.6. Stress Monitori
ng Instrumentation
12.7.7. O
ther Instrumentation
12.7.8. Field Monitoring Prac
tices
12.8. Concluding Remarks
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOLS IN METRIC SYSTEM
Appendices